HELIOS-3D

Figures

Every visualization used in the site, grouped by source and kind.

Source
Kind

Sub-GHz breathing-mode spectrum

Fe3GaTe2 hopfion (theoretical)
2.4 GHz
Mn3Sn AFM mode (Tsai 2026)
8.1 GHz
Thermal noise floor (300 K)
1 GHz

Breathing-mode spectrum

Sub-GHz breathing-mode frequencies for hopfion readout.

data-driven · chart

DMI chirality

Stylized Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction chirality.

stylized · r3f

Energy barrier (k_B T)

Trivial
0
Skyrmion (2D)
12
Hopfion (EuS/Bi2Se3/EuS)
52
Thermal noise @ 350 K
1

Energy barrier

Hopfion annihilation barrier in k_B T.

data-driven · chart

Hopfion

A stylized 3D hopfion — a knotted spin texture — rotating in the page hero.

stylized · r3f

Literature timeline 2024–2026

2024DISH holographic printing
2025EuS/Bi2Se3/EuS hopfion (Katmis)
2026DISH Nature 2026
2026Y-zipper flexible-rigid
2026Mn3Sn AFM switching (Tsai)
2026Polaritonic switch 4 fJ (Wang)
2026TOHE hopfion (Göbel & Lounis)
20262D peptide crystals (Wang)

Literature timeline

2024–2026 supporting papers on a timeline.

data-driven · chart

Material stack

Stylized EuS / Bi₂Se₃ / EuS trilayer.

stylized · r3f

Write speed (log scale, ps)

Mn3Sn AFM (Tsai 2026)
40 ps
Optical-to-SOT (Tsai 2026)
60 ps
Polaritonic switch (Wang 2026)
~1 ps regime
CMOS baseline
~5 ns

Energy density (pJ/µm²)

Mn3Sn AFM (Tsai 2026)
1.700
Polaritonic (Wang 2026)
0.004
HELIOS target
1.000

Performance floor

Write speed and energy density benchmarks.

data-driven · chart

Skyrmion

A stylized 3D skyrmion for comparison with the hopfion.

stylized · r3f

Topological Orbital Hall Effect

Stylized 3D orbital current lines generated by a hopfion.

stylized · r3f

Twist reservoir nucleation

Stylized elastic twist accumulation before a 2π phase slip nucleates a hopfion.

stylized · r3f